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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="redalyc">123</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">PSOCIAL</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2422-619X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Buenos Aires</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Argentina</country>
<email>psocial@sociales.uba.ar</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">1231854011</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evidencias de Validez de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S) en el contexto argentino</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-3174</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Furman</surname>
<given-names>Hernán</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>hernan.furman@uflo.edu.ar</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-6524</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Griffiths</surname>
<given-names>Mark D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>mark.griffiths@ntu.ac.uk</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-5345</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pakpour</surname>
<given-names>Amir H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
<email>pakpour_amir@yahoo.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-146X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Simkin</surname>
<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
<email>hugosimkin@psi.uba.ar</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Flores</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Flores</institution>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University</institution>
<country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Social Determinants of Health Research Center. Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Qazvin University of Medical Sciences</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Social Determinants of Health Research Center. Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Qazvin University of Medical Sciences</institution>
<country country="IR">Irán</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<institution content-type="original">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</institution>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Julio-Diciembre</season>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>03</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p> La Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S) constituye uno de los instrumentos psicométricos más empleados para la evaluación del miedo al COVID-19 en el contexto internacional. El presente estudio se propone analizar las evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna, en la relación con otras variables y fiabilidad de la FCV-19S en una muestra de 223 adultos de Argentina con edades entre 21 y 85 años (M = 50.96 años; DE = 16.57) y de ambos sexos (Hombres = 30,5%; Mujeres = 69,5%). La FCV-19S presenta valores aceptables de confiabilidad (ω = .94; α = .93). El análisis factorial confirmatorio arroja valores adecuados en cuanto a los criterios de validez basada en la estructura interna de la escala, aportando apoyo empírico en favor de un modelo unidimensional. Asimismo, las asociaciones entre la FCV-19S y la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada aportan evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables. El estudio demuestra que la FCV-19S es un instrumento válido y confiable para interpretar el miedo al COVID-19 en el contexto local, aunque futuros estudios deberían continuar indagando sus propiedades psicométricas.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p> The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is one of the most widely psychometric instruments used for assessing the fear of COVID-19 in the international context. The present study aims to analyze the evidence of validity based on the internal structure, in relation to other variables and reliability of the FCV-19S among a sample of 223 adults from Argentina aged between 21 and 85 years (M = 50.96 years; SD = 16.57) and of both sexes (males = 30.5%; females = 69.5%). Results indicated very good values ​​in terms of its reliability (ω = .94; α = .93). The confirmatory factor analysis yields adequate values ​​in terms of the validity criteria based on the internal structure of the scale, providing empirical support for a unidimensional model. Likewise, the associations between the FCV-19S and the Brief Fear of Death Scale provide evidence of validity related to other variables. The study demonstrates that the FCV-19S is a valid and reliable instrument to interpret the fear of COVID-19 in the local context, although future studies should continue to investigate its psychometric properties.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>miedo al covid-19</kwd>
<kwd> FCV-19S</kwd>
<kwd> adaptación</kwd>
<kwd> validación</kwd>
<kwd> Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>fear of covid-19</kwd>
<kwd> FCV-19S</kwd>
<kwd> adaptation</kwd>
<kwd> validation</kwd>
<kwd> Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="46"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>
<bold>Introducción</bold>
</title>
<p> La pandemia por COVID-19 ha causado un impacto considerable en la población mundial tanto por el número de fallecidos como por sus consecuencias psicológicas, económicas y sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref5">Borio, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>). Si bien en una primera instancia los distintos países se han ocupado de reducir la transmisión del virus y de desarrollar o acceder a una vacuna o tratamiento efectivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref4">Aydin &amp; Yurdakul, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref11">Cohen &amp; Kupferschmidt, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref30">Nhamo et al., 2020</xref>), en segunda instancia ha resultado imperioso ocuparse también de los aspectos psicológicos que afectan a las personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref41">Serafini et al., 2020</xref>). Entre estos, el miedo ante el COVID-19 ha ocupado un lugar central, ya sea que se trate del miedo a contagiarse uno mismo o a contagiar a otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref44">Tzur Bitan et al., 2020</xref>). Asimismo, como consecuencia del elevado potencial de contagio y de la alta tasa de mortalidad del virus, las personas experimentan también un mayor miedo a la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref10">Chi et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref23">Kumar &amp; Nayar, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref27">Menzies &amp; Menzies, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref36">Pradhan et al., 2020</xref>). Las experiencias de miedo mencionadas pueden incidir en un rango variado de problemas vinculados a la salud mental, tanto promoviendo un aumento en las conductas de riesgo (e.g. consumo de alcohol y tabaco), como afectando la prevalencia de trastornos mentales (e.g. trastorno por estrés postraumático, trastornos de ansiedad, trastornos depresivos) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref15">Fitzpatrick et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2020</xref>). Asimismo, debido al miedo, las personas pueden pensar de manera irracional y reaccionar de forma inadecuada, estigmatizando y discriminando a las personas contagiadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>).  </p>
<p> Por estos motivos, se vuelve necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables que permitan interpretar el miedo al COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref32">Pakpour &amp; Griffiths, 2020</xref>). Tal evaluación posibilita analizar sus consecuencias en la salud mental y explorar diferencias significativas entre países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>). Si bien existen distintas alternativas, la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 o Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>) constituye una de las técnicas más empleadas en la literatura especializada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref42">Soraci et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref44">Tzur Bitan et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>La Escala de Miedo al COVID-19</bold>
</title>
<p> La FCV-19S fue desarrollada originalmente en población iraní. De acuerdo con sus autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>), sus ítems fueron elaborados a partir de una revisión bibliográfica en la que se identificaron treinta medidas de miedo en poblaciones y circunstancias diferentes. Los autores agruparon los ítems más relevantes y descartaron aquellos de contenido similar. La primera versión de 28 ítems fue analizada por un panel de expertos que incluyó psicólogos, virólogos, psiquiatras, médicos clínicos y enfermeros, quienes sugirieron descartar otros 11 ítems de la técnica. La segunda versión de 17 ítems fue evaluada por un nuevo panel que incluyó especialistas de educación para la salud, neumonólogos, psicólogos sociales y sociólogos, quienes sugirieron descartar 7 ítems adicionales. Por último, la tercera versión de 10 ítems fue administrada en una prueba piloto (N= 46; M=39.63; 43% mujeres) y en población general (N= 717; M=31,25; 42% mujeres) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>). Los resultados sugirieron descartar otros 3 ítems, conformándose la versión final de 7 ítems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>). </p>
<p> Desde su formulación, la FCV-19S ha sido administrada en distintos contextos e idiomas, tales como Arabia Saudita (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref2">Alyami et al., 2020</xref>), Argentina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref8">Caycho-Rodriguez et al., 2020</xref>), Bangladesh (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref39">Sakib et al., 2020</xref>), Brasil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref7">Cavalheiro &amp; Sticca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref17">Giordani et al., 2020</xref>), Bielorrusia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref38">Reznik et al., 2020</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref10">Chi et al., 2020</xref>), Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref6">Broche-Pérez et al., 2020</xref>), España (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref25">Martínez-Lorca et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>), Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref34">Perz et al., 2020</xref>), Etiopía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref14">Elemo et al., 2020</xref>), Grecia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref31">Nikopoulou et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref43">Tsipropoulou et al., 2020</xref>), India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref13">Doshi et al., 2020</xref>), Israel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref44">Tzur Bitan et al., 2020</xref>), Italia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref42">Soraci et al., 2020</xref>), Japón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref26">Masuyama et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref45">Wakashima et al., 2020</xref>), Malasia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref33">Pang et al., 2020</xref>), México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref16">García-Reyna et al., 2020</xref>), Nueva Zelanda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref46">Winter et al., 2020</xref>), Perú (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2020</xref>), República Dominicana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>), Rusia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref38">Reznik et al., 2020</xref>), Taiwán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref9">Chang et al., 2020</xref>) y Turquía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref18">Haktanir et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref40">Satici et al., 2020</xref>). </p>
<p> En el contexto local se han reportado recientemente las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref8">Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2020</xref>), lo que constituye un antecedente favorable para la indagación del miedo al COVID-19 en la Argentina. Siguiendo los estándares metodológicos recomendados por la International Test Commission (ITC) para la adaptación de un instrumento en distintos contextos culturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref29">Muñiz et al., 2013</xref>), el presente estudio se propone ofrecer una versión de la técnica adaptada lingüísticamente al contexto argentino, en población general, evaluando tanto su confiabilidad como los criterios de validez basada en su estructura interna y en relación a otras variables.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>
<bold>Método</bold>
</title>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Diseño</bold>
</title>
<p>Para la
presente investigación se ha optado por un diseño de tipo instrumental, el cual
permite explorar la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad de la
FCV-19S (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref3">Ato et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref28">Montero &amp; León, 2007</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Participantes</bold>
</title>
<p>El muestreo fue
de tipo no probabilístico incidental, de participación voluntaria, compuesto
por 223 adultos de Argentina con edades entre 21 y 85 años (M = 50.96; DE
= 16.57) y de ambos sexos (Hombres = 30,5%; Mujeres = 69,5%). Para determinar
el tamaño muestral se garantizó contar con al menos entre diez y veinte casos
por ítem, tal como sugiere la literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref21">Kline, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref24">Kyriazos, 2018</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Instrumento</bold>
</title>
<p>Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una batería
de evaluación autoadministrable, que incluyó las siguientes técnicas:</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>
<italic>Escala
de Miedo al COVID-19</italic>
</bold>
</title>
<p>La Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>) es un
cuestionario autoadministrable que evalúa el temor al COVID-19 a partir de 7
ítems (e.g. “Tengo mucho miedo del coronavirus”) con un formato tipo Likert con
cinco anclajes de respuesta según el grado de acuerdo de los participantes. La FCV-19S ha presentado propiedades
psicométricas aceptables de acuerdo a lo informado en la literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et
al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref38">Reznik et al., 2020</xref>). Su adaptación al español (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">ver anexo</xref>) se
elaboró siguiendo los estándares metodológicos recomendados por la International
Test Commission (ITC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref29">Muñiz et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>
<italic>Escala
de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada</italic>
</bold>
</title>
<p>La Escala de Miedo a la
Muerte Abreviada (BFODS; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref12">Collett &amp; Lester, 1969</xref>)
es una escala de 8 ítems que evalúan el miedo a la muerte a partir dos
dimensiones: miedo a la propia muerte (e.g. “Cómo será el estar muerto/a”)
(items 1, 2, 3, y 4) y miedo a la muerte de otros (Items 5, 6, 7, y 8) (e.g.
“La pérdida de una persona querida‖”). La escala presenta un formato de
respuestas de tipo Likert con cinco anclajes que oscilan entre 1 (Nada) y 5
(Mucho). Las primeras dos facetas responden a la consigna “¿Qué grado de
preocupación o ansiedad experimenta en relación a los siguientes aspectos
vinculados con su propia muerte?”, mientras que las dos segundas a la pregunta:
“¿Qué grado de preocupación o ansiedad experimenta en relación a los siguientes
aspectos vinculados con la muerte de otras personas?”. Para el presente estudio
se empleó una versión adaptada al contexto local (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref37">Quintero &amp; Simkin, 2017</xref>).
La técnica presentó una confiabilidad adecuada tanto para el factor Miedo a la
Muerte Propia (α = .72),
Miedo a la Muerte de Otros (α
= .81),
y la escala global (α = .80)
en la muestra empleada en el presente estudio.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>
<italic>Cuestionario de datos personales</italic>
</bold>
</title>
<p>Se
elaboró un cuestionario ad hoc para relevar información socio
demográfica (e.g. edad, sexo, lugar de residencia).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Procedimiento</bold>
</title>
<p>Para
realizar la adaptación y validación de la FCV-19S, en primer término, se llevó
adelante una retrotraducción de la técnica original (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>), a
partir de la cual se procuró mantener el sentido psicológico de cada
enunciado. El cuestionario fue diseñado
en la plataforma Google Forms y administrado a través de la red social Facebook, entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre 2020, siguiendo las recomendaciones de
la literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref20">Iannelli et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref22">Kosinski et al., 2015</xref>). La participación
fue voluntaria y ninguno de los participantes recibió compensación económica
alguna por colaborar con el estudio.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Aspectos éticos</bold>
</title>
<p>Los
participantes fueron invitados a participar del estudio en forma anónima y
voluntaria, solicitando su consentimiento informado y dejando constancia de que
los resultados serían empleados con fines exclusivamente académico-científicos
de acuerdo con la Ley Nacional 25.326 de protección de los datos personales,
cumpliendo así con los códigos de conducta ética que establece el Consejo
Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET) (Res. D N° 2857/06).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Análisis de Datos</bold>
</title>
<p>En
la adaptación y validación de la FCV-19S se recurrió a estadística descriptiva
e inferencial con apoyo del software estadístico
SPSS 22 y del Lisrel 8.80. Para el análisis de los datos, en
primer lugar se analizó la validez de constructo empleando un análisis
factorial confirmatorio. Se evaluó posteriormente la confiabilidad de la escala
a partir del análisis de consistencia interna tomando en consideración los coeficientes alfa
ordinal y omega de McDonald. Finalmente se realizó un
análisis de correlaciones para testear la validez de la técnica en relación a
otras variables.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>
<bold>Resultados</bold>
</title>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19</bold>
</title>
<p>A efectos de adaptar la FCV-19S se realizó en primer
lugar un análisis factorial confirmatorio, evaluado a partir de
los índices de bondad de ajuste χ2, IFI (Incremental Fit Index), NNFI (Non-Normed
Fit Index), CFI (Comparative fit index) y SRMR (Standardized Root
Mean Residual). En la
Tabla 1 puede observarse que el análisis ha contribuido a confirmar que el
modelo propuesto se ajusta a los datos recabados en campo
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic>Análisis
  Factorial Confirmatorio de la Escala
  de Miedo al COVID-19</italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 Análisis
  Factorial Confirmatorio de la Escala
  de Miedo al COVID-19</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="1231854011_gt8.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;" id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:100.0%;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt" colspan="6">
<bold>
  Tabla
  1 
  </bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:100.0%;border:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt" colspan="6">
<italic>
  Análisis
  Factorial Confirmatorio de la Escala
  de Miedo al COVID-19
  </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:15.18%;border:none;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:21.74%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  X2(gl)
  </td>
<td style="width:12.76%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  NNFI
  </td>
<td style="width:10.4%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  CFI
  </td>
<td style="width:10.52%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  IFI
  </td>
<td style="width:29.38%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  SRMR
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:15.18%;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  FCV-19S
  </td>
<td style="width:21.74%;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  2184.809(21)
  </td>
<td style="width:12.76%;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  .961
  </td>
<td style="width:10.4%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  .974
  </td>
<td style="width:10.52%;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  .974
  </td>
<td style="width:29.38%;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  .0543
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:100.0%;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt" colspan="6">
<italic>Nota</italic>. Se
  utilizó el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para el análisis. IFI= Índice
  de Ajuste Incremental, NFI= Índice de Ajuste Normado, NNFI= Índice de Ajuste
  No Normado, CFI= Índice de Ajuste Comparado SRMR= Residuo Estandarizado
  Cuadrático Medio.
  </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn22" fn-type="other">
<p>
<italic>Nota</italic>. Se
  utilizó el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para el análisis. IFI= Índice
  de Ajuste Incremental, NFI= Índice de Ajuste Normado, NNFI= Índice de Ajuste
  No Normado, CFI= Índice de Ajuste Comparado SRMR= Residuo Estandarizado
  Cuadrático Medio.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>De
acuerdo con los resultados del AFC, puede observarse el modelo de la Escala de
Miedo al COVID-19 en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<bold>Figura 1</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic>Modelo estructural de la
  Escala de Miedo al COVID-19</italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Modelo estructural de la
  Escala de Miedo al COVID-19</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="1231854011_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Consistencia Interna de la Escala
de Miedo al COVID-19</bold>
</title>
<p>Finalmente, se evaluó la
consistencia interna a partir de los coeficientes omega de McDonald y alfa ordinal, obteniendo guarismos satisfactorios (ω = .94; α = .93).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Evidencias de Validez en relación a
otras variables</bold>
</title>
<p>En cuanto a la validez en
relación a otras variables se realizó un análisis correlacional entre la Escala
de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S) y la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada
(BFODS), atendiendo a la pertinencia teórica de la relación entre ambos
constructos. Se obtuvieron relaciones positivas entre el Miedo al COVID y las
distintas dimensiones de la BFODS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">tabla 2</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Tabla 2</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic>Correlaciones
  de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 y la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada. </italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 2 Correlaciones
  de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 y la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada. </alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="1231854011_gt9.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:0cm;border-collapse:collapse;" id="gt4-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:21.0pt">
<td style="width:450.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:21.0pt" colspan="5">
  Tabla 2 
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:26.25pt">
<td style="width:450.75pt;border:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:26.25pt" colspan="5">
<italic>
  Correlaciones
  de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 y la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada. 
  </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:36.75pt">
<td style="width:119.25pt;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:36.75pt"/>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:36.75pt">
  MMP   
  </td>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:36.75pt">
  MMO
  </td>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:36.75pt">
  MMG
  </td>
<td style="width:8.25pt;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:36.75pt"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:119.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
  FCV-19S
  </td>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
  .392** 
  </td>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
  .209** 
  </td>
<td style="width:107.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
  .362** 
  </td>
<td style="width:8.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:450.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" colspan="5">
<italic>
  Notas</italic>. MMP=Miedo
  a la muerte propia. MMO: Miedo a la muerte de otros. MMG= Miedo a la muerte
  en general. **La correlación es significativa en el nivel 0.01 
  </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn23" fn-type="other">
<p>
<italic>Notas.</italic> MMP=Miedo
  a la muerte propia. MMO: Miedo a la muerte de otros. MMG= Miedo a la muerte
  en general. **La correlación es significativa en el nivel 0.01 </p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>
<bold>Discusión</bold>
</title>
<p> El presente estudio se ha propuesto ofrecer una versión adaptada lingüísticamente a nuestro contexto de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S), aportando evidencias en favor de la generalización del modelo. Los 7 ítems de la versión adaptada son similares a los propuestos en la versión original (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>). En relación a validaciones regionales previas en nuestro mismo idioma, tanto en Argentina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref8">Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2020</xref>), como en México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref16">García-Reyna et al., 2020</xref>), Perú (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2020</xref>) y República Dominicana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>), se utilizó la versión de la escala validada en España, sin modificar la redacción de los ítems. Por el contrario, para el presente trabajo se realizó una nueva traducción de los ítems, aprobada por los autores originales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref1">Ahorsu et al., 2020</xref>), para reflejar mejor los usos idiomáticos argentinos (e.g. En el ítem 3, donde los trabajos mencionados utilizan la expresión “Cuando pienso en el coronavirus se me humedecen las manos”, la presente versión utiliza “Cuando pienso en el coronavirus me transpiran las manos”). Cabe mencionar que un trabajo similar, de traducción ad hoc para un contexto particular de habla hispana, se llevó adelante también en Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref6">Broche-Pérez et al., 2020</xref>). </p>
<p>Por su parte, los análisis realizados han demostrado valores adecuados para la técnica en cuanto a su consistencia interna, el omega de McDonald alcanzó valores satisfactorios (ω = .94), al igual que el alfa ordinal (α = .93). Si se tiene en cuenta que se realizó una nueva traducción de la escala, resulta alentador que dichos indicadores se encuentren en consonancia con aquellos arrojados por las validaciones regionales previas en el mismo idioma: Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref6">Broche-Pérez et al., 2020</xref>), México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref16">García-Reyna et al., 2020</xref>), Perú (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2020</xref>) y República Dominicana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref35">Piqueras et al., 2020</xref>). Además, de acuerdo con el trabajo revisionista de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al. (2020)</xref>, también se observan valores igualmente aceptables en el contexto internacional. Lo cual, según dichos autores, permite inferir que las mediciones de las distintas versiones de la FCV-19S resultan inherentemente estables.</p>
<p>Asimismo, el análisis correlacional con la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte Abreviada (BFODS) ha arrojado asociaciones positivas, lo que permite vincular un mayor miedo al COVID-19 con un mayor miedo a la muerte, corroborando así la validez del instrumento en relación a otras variables. A este respecto, cabe mencionar que el estudio de ambos constructos ha sido abordado previamente en diversas investigaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref23">Kumar &amp; Nayar, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref27">Menzies &amp; Menziez, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref36">Pradhan et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Finalmente, los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio permiten observar un ajuste aceptable de los datos al modelo unidimensional propuesto por los autores originales. En este sentido, es importante destacar que todos los valores de los parámetros estimados resultan apropiados (≥ .77). No obstante, algunos estudios han cuestionado la estructura unidimensional de la escala, proponiendo modelos alternativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref8">Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref10">Chi et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref19">Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref26">Masuyama et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref38">Reznik et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_1231854011_ref44">Tzur Bitan et al., 2020</xref>). Futuros estudios deberían indagar más profundamente a este respecto.</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Limitaciones</bold>
</title>
<p>En cuanto a las limitaciones del estudio, no
se ha indagado con mayor profundidad algunas de las propiedades psicométricas
de la FCV-19S en el contexto argentino, como podría hacerse con un análisis de
invarianza factorial en función del género o la edad de las personas. Asimismo,
al haber utilizado medidas de autoinforme pueden generarse sesgos en las respuestas,
ya sea por conveniencia social, efectos de la memoria u otros. Futuros estudios
deberían utilizar otro tipo de medidas (e.g. Entrevistas en profundidad). Por
último, cabe destacar que se trabajó con una muestra relativamente pequeña de
población general. Resultaría de sumo interés ampliar la muestra y trabajar
también con poblaciones específicas, como adultos mayores o pacientes con
enfermedades pre-existentes de alto riesgo. Considerar las limitaciones de este
estudio para futuros trabajos podría contribuir a aportar a una técnica con
mayores criterios de validez y confiabilidad.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusión</title>
<p>El
presente trabajo aporta una medida que brinda interpretaciones válidas y
confiables para la evaluación del miedo al COVID-19 en el contexto argentino.
Tal como se ha señalado, contar con herramientas válidas y fiables para la
evaluación de las consecuencias psicológicas generadas por la pandemia por
COVID-19, entre las que se cuenta el grado de miedo percibido por las personas,
constituye un elemento de sumo valor para poder abordar esta delicada
problemática en toda su complejidad.</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Agradecimientos</bold>
</title>
<p>Los
autores desean agradecer a los participantes que han colaborado voluntariamente
con el estudio.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Financiamiento</bold>
</title>
<p>Este
trabajo fue financiado en el marco de los proyectos de investigación UBACyT
20020170200395BA y PICT-2016-4147 y acreditados por la Universidad de Buenos
Aires (UBA), y la Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el
Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Agencia I+D+i).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
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</ref-list>
<app-group>
<app id="app2">
<title>Apéndice</title>
<sec>
<title/>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<caption>
<title>
<italic>Ítems de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S)</italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="1231854011_gt10.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;" id="gt6-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="page-break-inside:avoid;   height:20.95pt">
<td style="width:451.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:20.95pt" colspan="6"/>
</tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside:avoid;height:16.35pt">
<td style="width:451.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:16.35pt" colspan="6">
<italic>
  Ítems de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S)
  </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="page-break-inside:avoid;height:39.7pt">
<td style="width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt"/>
<td style="width:69.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt">
  Fuertemente
  en desacuerdo
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt">
  En
  desacuerdo
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt">
  Ni
  en acuerdo ni en desacuerdo
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt">
  De
  acuerdo
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:39.7pt">
  Fuertemente
  de acuerdo
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:11.9pt">
<td style="width:134.95pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  1. Tengo mucho
  miedo del coronavirus (COVID-19).
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:11.9pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:4.4pt">
<td style="width:134.95pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  2. Pensar en el
  coronavirus (COVID-19) me pone incómodo/a.
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:4.4pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:11.1pt">
<td style="width:134.95pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  3. Cuando pienso en
  el coronavirus (COVID-19) me transpiran las manos.
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;   height:11.1pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:134.95pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  4. Tengo miedo de
  perder mi vida por el coronavirus (COVID-19).
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:134.95pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  5. Cuando veo
  noticias e historias sobre el coronavirus (COVID-19) en las redes sociales,
  me pongo nervioso/a o ansioso/a.
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:134.95pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  6. No puedo dormir
  porque me preocupa contagiarme de coronavirus (COVID-19).
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:134.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  7. Mi corazón se acelera o palpita cuando
  pienso en contagiarme de coronavirus (COVID-19).
  </td>
<td style="width:69.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:57.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:78.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:47.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:62.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt">
  5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:134.95pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:69.75pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:57.7pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:78.7pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:47.25pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
<td style="width:62.9pt;border:none;   padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
</app>
</app-group>
</back>
</article>
